Teses em Engenharia de Recursos Naturais da Amazônia (Doutorado) - PRODERNA/ITEC
URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/4045
O Doutorado Acadêmico inicou-se em 2006 e pertence ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Recursos Naturais da Amazônia (PRODERNA) do Instituto de Tecnologia da UFPA (ITEC) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA).
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Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Estudo das ftalocianinas metálicas na adsorção de gases do efeito estufa e poluentes utilizando docagem molecular(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2025-04-30) SOUSA, José Antonio Ferreira de; OLIVEIRA, Mozaniel Santana de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0810227136654245; CHAVES NETO, Antonio Maia de Jesus; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3507474637884699Atmospheric pollution, driven by the emission of toxic gases, represents an environmental and public health challenge. This study investigates the application of phthalocyanines (Pc) and metal phthalocyanines (MPc) of iron (FePc), cobalt (CoPc), copper (CuPc), zinc (ZnPc), and titanium (TiPc) for the capture of gases such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), ammonia (NH₃), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), and aromatic compounds like benzene (C₆H₆). AutoDock Vina 1.2.0 and Gaussian 09W were the software employed in the molecular docking technique to investigate these interactions. Gaussian 09W enabled adjustments in atomic positions to minimize the total interaction energy and build the molecular models. AutoDock Vina 1.2.0 facilitated the calculation of the most favorable binding mode between the toxic molecules and the MPc and Pc, providing detailed information on the most stable adsorption positions, orientations, and energies. The analyses indicate that MPc and Pc exhibit the best interactions with C₆H₆, while the weakest coupling occurred with H₂S. Among the evaluated substances, the best binding interactions occurred with MPc, and among them, TiPc proved to be the most efficient, exhibiting the strongest attraction to CO₂. These molecules are highly promising for the capture and elimination of the tested molecules and, consequently, constitute fundamental strategies for protecting the environment, promoting public health, and ensuring sustainable development for future generations.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) . Caracterização física, aspectos morfológicos, comportamentos térmico e mecânico do pecíolo do miriti como um material potencial para aplicações em pás de turbinas eólicas.(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-10-28) GOMES, Igor dos Santos; VAZ, Jerson Rogério Pinheiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1623983294183975; WOOD, David HomeIn many small wind turbine blades, the internal space between the laminated shells is filled with a core material. In this context, with the aim of enabling the application in both small and large blades, this thesis presents the petiole of the miriti palm (PMP) as a potential material for such applications. PMP is abundant in the Amazon region, and its harvesting does not harm the palm, as the petiole regrows, making the process fully sustainable. This could play an important role in enhancing the sustainability of wind turbine manufacturing. The physical properties, morphological aspects, and thermal and mechanical behaviors of PMP were determined and compared to balsa wood (BW). Additionally, the advantages of using the easily worked petiole for the core in manufacturing were considered, as demonstrated by the construction of a 0.598 m blade and starting performance tests of the turbine in both computational simulations and wind tunnel experiments. The results showed that PMP is about 50% less dense than BW. Consequently, turbine starting simulations indicated that the low density of the small blade made from PMP reduces starting time by 10% compared to EPS and by 42% compared to BW. While PMP and BW have similar morphological aspects as they are natural materials, BW tends to absorb about 3.6% more moisture and around 9% more water than PMP. The thermal behavior of PMP shows stability up to approximately 200°C, making it suitable for most wind turbine manufacturing processes. Regarding mechanical properties such as tensile, compression, bending, and shear strength, both BW and PMP exhibited elastoplastic behavior. Although BW generally possesses higher mechanical properties than PMP, the specific properties of PMP are greater than those of BW, except in cases where the load application does not align with the vascular bundle direction. For instance, the specific elastic strength and specific elastic modulus in tensile with a load applied at 90° in relation to the vascular bundle and in tensile with a load applied at 0° in relation to the vascular bundle of the PMP are approximately 13.5%, 3%, 30% and 61% higher than those of the BW, respectively. PMP’s specific elastic strength in GS compression is approximately 18.5% higher than BW. In shear strength, the specific elastic strength and specific modulus of elasticity of PMP are 20% and 54.5% higher compared to BW. Fatigue results indicate that PMP has a fatigue life of around 106 cycles. Wind tunnel tests showed that, regardless of wind speed, the best results for power coefficient, torque, and thrust were observed in 6-blade configurations, with values of 0.3083, 0.1224, and 2.2993 for λopt equal to 2.519. In analyzing the experimental results for rotation, thrust, torque, and kinetic energy ratio during turbine starting, the periods through which the turbine transitions between transient and steady states were observed, aligning with literature findings. The results presented in this work show that PMP has potential for application in wind turbine blades, as the combination of sustainable materials with significant specific mechanical properties, such as low density, has the potential to improve turbine design, reduce starting time, and extend the high-efficiency operating range.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Modelos matemáticos de transferência de calor e massa: extração de metais por membranas poliméricas e sinterização de materiais cerâmicos(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-07-16) VILHENA, Mailson Batista de; SOUZA, José Antônio da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6157348947425968; MACÊDO, Emanuel Negrão; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8718370108324505The overall objective of this work was to present a mathematical study of multicomponent mass transfer in a metal ion extraction cell through a flat polymeric membrane and to conduct an experimental and kinetic study focused on the production of synthetic aggregate from bauxite residue. In the first part of the work, a mass transfer model for the recovery of metal ions using flat polymeric membranes was developed. Unlike most existing models, which are limited to studying a single component and do not consider the selectivity and effects of multiple components on reaction kinetics, a model capable of simulating the simultaneous extraction of various metals is proposed. This model is based on the mass conservation equation and was solved using the Coupled Integral Equations Approach (CIEA), and validated with experimental measurements and previous simulations. In the second part, an experimental and theoretical study was conducted using a kinetic model for the production of coarse synthetic aggregates from bauxite residue, silica, and clay. The experimental study included the production and characterization of the aggregates in different compositions. To analyze the sintering process of a full-sized pellet, a small electric furnace with an attached balance was built, allowing the monitoring of mass loss measurements as a function of temperature and time. Additionally, a kinetic study was carried out using mathematical models to evaluate the main solid-state reactions and their phase transformations during the sintering process, using experimental data from thermal analysis.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Uso de resíduo caulins da amazônia para a produção de precursores geopoliméricos utilizados na indústria da construção civil(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-04-25) BRITO, Woshington da Silva; BRAGA, Eduardo de Magalhães; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4783553888547500; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0739-7592; SOUZA, Jose Antonio da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6157348947425968The region of the Capim River (Northeast of the State of Pará), due to its large reserves of kaolin for covering paper, stands out nationally. The extraction of the ore occurs on average at a depth of 20 meters, covered by clayey-sandy sediments from the barrier formation, and from a level of hard kaolin, also known as flint or semi-flint kaolin(Ferruginous), considered stable depending on the content high iron content, which makes its application for roofing unfeasible. The research aims to address the development of geopolymers synthesized from waste containing aluminum silicate. Geopolymers are amorphous, threedimensional alkalis. Aluminosilicate binder materials synthesized from alkaline activation of clays, calcined clays, calcined kaolin, minerals, industrial waste, fly ash and other aluminosilicates. The fly ash generated in the Bayer process boilers under conditions of 900 °C and 120KPa was also used as a source of aluminosilicate in the geopolymerization reaction. To increase the reactivity of the reaction, the use of soft kaolin and flint and semi-flint(ferruginous) kaolin calcined at different temperatures(450,550,650, 700 and 800 °C) was evaluated. And, also at different calcination times(15,30,60 ,90 and 120 minutes). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 5-30 M) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3, SiO2/Na2O = 3.2) as alkaline reaction medium. The residues were characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). And, compressive strength tests were also carried out on the geopolymeric samples to evaluate the degree of polymerization, since the more polymerized the structure is, the greater the resistance. For the geopolymer based on (soft kaolin and fly ash), the best results were obtained for the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of 2.65 and 3.4. For the geopolymer based on (flint kaolin and fly ash) the best result was for the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of 2.95 and 3.57. The best results for the geopolymers based on (ferruginous metakaolin and fly ash) were obtained with a SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of 2.88 and 3.54. The geopolymeric ceramic plate obtained showed satisfactory performance in relation to mechanical resistance to compression and was also synthesized with raw material that contaminates the environment, as it is considered kaolin residue due to its high iron content.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Síntese de produto zeolítico a partir de resíduo de caulim: produção de leito adsorvente aplicado a adsorção de íon amônio e cobre.(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-11-04) PINHEIRO, Alice dos Prazeres; ROCHA JÚNIOR, Carlos Augusto Ferreira da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9333542718006007; SOUZA, José Antônio da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6157348947425968The development of new technologies has enabled and created new ways of using kaolin, besides the already known applications. One of these known uses is the use as starting material for zeolitic synthesis, a type of kaolin with great potential for this purpose is called hard kaolin. Due to the low crystalline structural degree, the hard kaolin is naturally more reactive for zeolitic synthesis. Having this condition available, the study in question aims to resort to this condition and evaluate the possibility of synthesis and reproducibility of the synthesis of zeolite using kaolin in natura, without previous thermal or chemical treatments and consecutive cationic calcium and lithium exchange. The conformation of the synthesized zeolitic product in various formats for subsequent application as an adsorbent product in a fixed bed column, also developed in the study for the adsorption of ammonium ion and subsequent desorption, with the intention of investigating the potential of the conformed product as a slow release fertilizer for agricultural purposes. X-ray diffractometry of the zeolitic product indicated the presence of crystalline peaks of zeolite A, sodalite and anatase. The electronic microscopy images presented a morphology analogous to wool balloons, characteristic of sodalite. The adsorption capacity obtained from the experiments performed in the fixed bed column developed in the study indicated good results with potential optimization of the adsorption system at different concentrations and ions.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Interações de ftalocianinas de Co, Cu e não metálicas com estruturas externas de SARS-CoV-2 utilizando docking e dinâmica molecular(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-12-22) ALENCAR, Wilson Luna Machado; CHAVES NETO, Antonio Maia de Jesus; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3507474637884699; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9730-3512Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Uma abordagem matemática aplicada ao projeto de turbinas hidrocinéticas e eólicas com difusor utilizando a teoria do elemento de pá(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-04-30) VAZ, Déborah Aline Tavares Dias do Rio; VAZ, Jerson Rogério Pinheiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1623983294183975It is known surrounding a turbine with diffuser may significantly increase its power. This effect has attained considerable attention as it shows theoretically the possibility of achieving a power coefficient about 2 times greater than an ordinary turbine. However, the effect of the diffuser efficiency has not been implemented into blade element momentum yet, as well as the use of minimum pressure coefficient criterion to avoid cavitation during the optimization of the hydrokinetic chord along the blade. Hence, this work presents a novel approach to design diffuser-augmented hydro turbines considering the diffuser efficiency. Based on the blade element momentum, new expressions for the axial induction factor and thrust are obtained. In addition, both efficiency and load generated on a diffuser are considered to the extension of existing formulation to determine power coefficient in cases where diffuser losses are taken into account through efficiency (ηd) and area ratio (β). To assess the proposed model, a comparative evaluation of two different diffusers (flanged conical diffuser and flanged lens diffuser) is performed. Numerical and theoretical results are compared for a shrouded turbine equipped with 83% efficiency diffuser. The relative difference observed for the maximum power coefficient between the proposed model and an actuator disk model with diffuser is about 5.3%. For the hydro turbine with flanged conical diffuser, the mass flow rate is about 20% higher than for a bare turbine, while for the turbine with flanged lens diffuser the increase is only 2.4%. Also, for the flanged conical diffuser the power is increased by 53%. Furthermore, it is observed that the proposed blade element momentum with diffuser achieved good agreement with the numerical model, providing improved results compared to other models available in the literature. The optimization model of hydrokinetic chord shows relevant results in relation to the prevention of cavitation.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Síntese e caracterização de cerâmicas bifásicas de fosfatos de cálcio (HA / β-TCP) a partir de nanocelulose do tegumento do açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.)(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-10-31) VALENTIM, Rachel Margalho Barreira; DIAS, Carmen Gilda Barroso Tavares; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2113791118142177; REIS, Marcos Allan Leite dos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8252507933374637The remnants of the açaí agribusiness (Euterpe Oleracea Mart) are sources of lignocellulosic materials. The extraction of nanocellulose from the açaí integument constitutes viable raw material for the synthesis of biphasic ceramics (HA / β-TCP) by acid hydrolysis. After the fruit pulp is obtained a biomass that is divided into three fractions: sludge (parenchyma), fiber (monostelo) and endocarp. The integument is analyzed by MEV / EDS, through the endocarp of açaí of terra firme and of várzea presenting essential nutrients, to obtain ceramics of phosphates of calcium. The biocomposite (NC / HA / β-TCP) was characterized by MEV, presenting crystalline species on the surface of the nanocellulose; X-ray diffraction presenting HA nucleation attributed to type I cellulose and tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) on the surface of cellulose type II; showing the growth of HA crystals on the surface of the nanocellulose. The FTIR analysis showed characteristic peaks of PO4-3, C1-H glycosidic deformation at 897 cm -1 attributed to cellulose, strong C-C conjugate binding at 1609 cm -1 attributed to lignin showing a decrease in content during the process. The results of particle size are in the nanometric dimension showing 643.50 nm as the most common value related to the results of the zeta potential presenting unstable particles producing particles aggregation and stable particles with modulus value greater than 20 mV. Due to the characteristics presented by the biphasic ceramic synthesized in this work it is suggested its application as biomaterial.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Desenvolvimento de um modelo via MEF para análise da dispersão de poluentes em rios, lagos e estuários(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-03) LIMA, Rômulo Correa; BLANCO, Claudio José Cavalcante; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8319326553139808; MESQUITA, André Luiz Amarante; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1331279630816662Freshwater of good quality is a pre-requisite for social and economic development of a given region. Paradoxically, this same development is normally responsible for the pollution of their water sources, through domestic or industrial waste dumping without treatment, or through agricultural activities. In this way, the monitoring and the management of that sources are extremely important for the wellbeing of the people living in that region. Among the possible tools to auxiliary this management is the computational simulation of pollutant transport in the hydro medium. In this context, this work presents a computational procedure for the solution of the 2D advectiondiffusion- reaction equation, which is the basis for all the mass transport models. This process consists in the union of the finite elements and finite difference methods in the discretization of the spatial and temporal components, respectively. This methodology was evaluated with the help of tests with synthetic and real data. First one considered the case of mass transport by pure advection to ensure its stability in cases where the classical formulations fail. Second test simulated the transport of a hypothetical pollutant in a piece of a river and showed the correct effect of the drag due to advection and spreading due to diffusion. The last test evaluated the transport of total phosphorus in Agua Preta Lake from the pumped water of the Guama river and point sources located at the margins of the reservoir. The result of the simulation showed the potential of the algorithm to deal with cases closer to the reality.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Produção de biodiesel a partir do processamento das oleaginosas amazônicas compadre-do-azeite (Plukenethia polyadenia) e comadre-do-azeite (Onphalea diandra)(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-06) FURTADO, Matheus Braga; MACÊDO, Emanuel Negrão; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8718370108324505; FARIA, Lênio José Guerreiro de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7428609361678173Analyse experimentally the production of biodiesel from oilseeds processing compadre of Amazonian oil (plukenethia polyadenia) and Ruth-of-oil (Aubrey onphalea), as a potentially viable alternative to compose the energy matrix. Since the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, the world energy matrix has always been based on fossil fuels. With the scarcity of such fuels, the rise of prices caused with the constant conflicts in major producing regions, has become the research into renewable sources increasingly attractive. The study of new sources of vegetable oils as alternative energy is important for the Country, particularly for the Amazon; enabling structure of oilseeds production chains in the region, generating employment in the field, distributional effects on regional economy and a vector of sustainable development in the Amazon, no aggression to the environment. The purpose of this work is to study two species of the family euphorbiaceae, lianas and polyadenia Onphalea Plukenethia diandra, better known as compadre of the olive oil and the olive oil Cummer respectively, oil-producing; extract and characterize them, suggesting possible applications and using them for the production of biodiesel through Transesterification using methyl potassium hydroxide as a catalyst, in the case the process based on statistical tests planned. The influence of input variables: oil/alcohol concentration, temperature and concentration of catalyst on biodiesel yield response by response surface methodology (RSM) employing the Box-Behenken planning. The aim is thus to add value to a tailing kaolin processing industry, using zeolites produced this material as a catalyst to KOH, comparing the efficiencies of the two treatments. The Box-planning Benhken proved efficient to optimize the homogeneous catalysis of the biodieseis, concluding that the concentration of the catalyst was the variable controlling the production process of biodieseis, and the increase of its concentration cause negative and undesirable influence the yield of the product.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Modelagem e simulação do fracionamento de óleos vegetais e do produto líquido orgânico do processo de craqueamento termocatalítico do óleo de palma em colunas multiestágios em contracorrente(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-10-03) COSTA, Elinéia Castro; ARAÚJO, Marilena Emmi; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8983914018546682; MACHADO, Nélio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065In this work, a method was developed employing the commercial process simulator Aspen Hysys using a countercurrent multistage column to the fractioning/deacidification of vegetable oils applying processes such as liquid-liquid extraction, using ethanol as solvent, and supercritical fractioning, with CO2 as solvent. Palm and olive oil were used in the case study. Experimental equilibrium data of multicomponent systems published in the literature were correlated with both NRTL model and RK-Aspen models, the binary interaction parameters obtained from these correlations were used in the simulations. The same procedure was applied to the fractioning/deacidification process of the organic liquid products (OLP) from the thermal-catalytic cracking of palm oil, using supercritical CO2 as solvent. The correlation of liquid-liquid equilibrium data of the systems showed that the NRTL model was able to suitably fit the experimental data for all the studied systems with RMSD between 0.15 to 1.72%. For all the S/F ratios analyzed, simulation results demonstrated, on the 10 stage column, that only when a mixture water+ethanol (12.41%) was used as solvent, the maximum acceptable level of neutral oil loss for industrial physical refining (5%wt) was attained. Correlation of experimental equilibrium data at high pressures indicated that the RK-Aspen model was able to properly fit the equilibrium data for all studied systems, with RMSD from 3.0E-05% to 0.58% for the liquid phase and between 2.0E-06% to 0,02% for vapor phase, for each composition of free fatty acid in the feed. The absolute mean deviations between the supercritical fractioning process simulated with 10 stages using the olive oil model mixture and the experimental results of supercritical fractioning of olive oil in a pilot scale column at 313K, S/F=20, with varying pressure and different fatty acid composition in the feed, were 2.25% for the yield of raffinate stream and 0.15% for the fatty acid concentration in the raffinate stream. The simulations of supercritical fractioning of OLP, with 10-staged columns, showed that the CO2 was able to deacidificate the produced fractions. For both proposed process diagrams with the column 1 using S/F=17 or 19, column 2 for all the studied S/F ratios, presented top streams (extract) containing compositions characteristic of kerosene from petroleum, with lower olefin and oxygenated content compared to the experimental fraction distillated within the same temperature range of petroleum kerosene published in the literature.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Avaliação da qualidade de sementes Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp após processo de secagem em leito de jorro(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-03) CORUMBÁ, Lorena Gomes; COSTA, Cristiane Marial Leal; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0581730621014796; FARIA, Lênio José Guerreiro de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7428609361678173The variety of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.), known as manteiguinha beans, is native from Amazon region, the cultivation is mainly done by small producers dominated by family farms. The physiological quality of manteiguinha bean seeds, in concern to the germination and emergence rate index are directly connected to the moisture content of the seeds. Therefore, are required studies to evalute the behavior of seeds such as beans their potential hygroscopic and drying conditions. In intention for contribute to improvements in agricultural productivity cowpea, the main objective of this study was to qualitative evaluate of manteiguinha beans seeds behind drying process in conventional spouted bed. In this context, it was first defined the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of fresh seed according to obtain their moisture sorption isotherms at temperatures of 40, 55 and 70 °C. The thermodynamic parameters of sorption, as isosteric heat, and entropy change in Gibbs free energy were evaluated from the GAB model and through Clausius-Clapeyron and Gibbs-Helmholtz relations. The compensation theory enthalpy-entropy was properly applied to the isotherms indicating that the moisture sorption phenomenon in manteiguinha bean seeds is controlled by enthalpy. To carry on the drying process were defined operating conditions of the spouted bed trhough fluidodynamics parameters analysis (maximum pressure drop, pressure drop in stable spout, pressure drop in the minimum spouting and the minimum spouting velocity). In carry out of the drying tests were applied to experimental design technique Box-Behnken and through statistical analysis of the experimental data was possible to evaluate the influence of input variables: air temperature (Tar), air velocity (Uar) and time drying (t) on the responses, moisture ratio (XR), germination percentage (G) and emergence speed index (ESI). The optimal point of the drying process, estimated by global desirability function obtained when the bed particles operated at temperature and drying air rate of 57 °C and 0.934 m / s, respectively, for a period of 240 minutes. These conditions are obtained seeds with final humidity 0,12 kg water/ kg dry solid, germination of 82.53% and 14.73 and emergence speed index.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Produção de biocombustíveis via craqueamento térmico-catalítico de resíduos sólidos de caixas de gordura com carbonato de sódio e lama vermelha ativada termicamente(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-04) ALMEIDA, Hélio da Silva; MENDONÇA, Neyson Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7534816053779593; MACHADO, Nélio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065This work has the main objective to study the production of biofuels from Thermal-Catalytic Cracking process pilot scale using residual fat removed from the grease traps of the university restaurant of Universidade Federal do Pará (RU-UFPA). The residual fat was collected and treated by sifting, dewatering and separating and introduced into the cracking pilot unit. Were used as catalysts soda ash and red mud thermally activated at 1000 ° C, reject material from the production of alumina Hydro-Alunorte company, which also is an environmental liability. After cracking the organic liquid product obtained was distilled and characterized in the laboratory and pilot scales, obtaining the biofuel Biokerosene band, biogasoline, light and heavy diesel. Additionally, it was investigated the consumption of drinking water of that restaurant and the generation of wastewater, determining the per-capita water consumption, the coefficient of sewage return, the pollution load and the population equivalent. The PLO higher yield of around 82% was obtained with 15% sodium carbonate catalyst. The acid value of the PLO (14.97 mg KOH / g) showed a figure considered low and very satisfactory when compared with the values obtained in the literature. The chromatographic results of the experiment with 10% sodium carbonate showed high content PLO hydrocarbons (78.98%), green kerosene (92.64% of oil) and light diesel (90.21% hydrocarbons). The results denote viability in the production of biofuels from the treated residual fat of the fat boxes.