Dinâmica territorial do povo Galibi Kali’na de Oiapoque-AP

Abstract

The research focus on to present the territorial dynamics of the Galibi Kali'na people, mainly with regard to Brazil's territorialization. The Kali'na are a native people, whose origin space is starting from Venezuela to French Guiana and, in July 1950, when moving through the Guiana Plateau, in the French Guiana area, they rebuilt their life on the right banks of the Oiapoque river, in the state of Amapá – Brazil. The absence of a geographical point of view of the Kali'na's process in Brazil prompted us to propose a thesis, considering that it is an unknown subject in the academic universe of Geographic Science, since the research did not only address issues related to an Indigenous Territory, but to an autochthonous group that made migration with international negotiations. We ask ourselves how the process of occupation and installation of this group in Brazil took place, since this territory was not part of their displacement route? What political and institutional articulations were necessary to move for the demarcation of the Galibi Indigenous Land? Why was this specific Indigenous Land in the Oiapoque region the first to be homologated? What elements defined the demarcated area? What factors interfered in the population dynamics of Galibi's Indigenous Land? What is sustained in terms of thesis is that the territorial dynamics of Kali'na, considering their experiences in French Guiana and its installation in Brazil, occurred due to a political mobilization of this people who, although were formed by just a few families, made the migration. Upon arriving in Brazil, they had the first Indigenous Land demarcated in the Oiapoque region by Decree 87,844 of 11/24/1982. And even with commercial relations established since French Guiana and that continued when arriving in Brazil with agriculture as the main economic activity - which is being changed to the service sector, especially in the condition of public servers. This work aims to analyze the territorial dynamics of the Galibi Kali'na of Oiapoque in the seventy years of their presence in Brazil, taking into account three elements of/in the territorial dynamics, namely: 1. The displacement of this people from French Guiana to Brazil and the socio-political-economic context; 2. Their installation and relationships established with the new land from the point of view of nature and society; 3. The Kali'na's own view of the Territory. To achieve this general objective, we list the following specific ones: to verify the expanded territory of Galibi Kali'na people in the northern arc of the Guianas; understand the formation process of the Kali'na Territory in Brazil; to map the organization of the Galibi Kali'na and the challenges of the Galibi Indigenous Land. We made use of a space-time methodology, with temporal cut being the 70s, since the territorialization in Brazil and as spatial one, the Galibi Indigenous Land itself. The bibliographic research was built throughout the doctorate, in the subjects taken, the participation in events and in the various interactions, with the goal of subsidizing the understanding of concepts of territory, territorial dynamics, Kali'na people, decoloniality. The Kali'na lived through different institutional arrangements in their territorialization in Brazil; to come to this conclusion, we used documentary research as instrument to demonstrate the legal agreements established by these people and the generation of new documents and maps from oral reports formally granted through interviews and informally through everyday conversations. Field research with immersion of experience helped with the continuity and choices taken during the thesis building. The organization of the thesis results is developed in four chapters: the first, entitled “Territory, concepts and experiences”, presents the conceptual basis; the second one, “The context of Kali'na migration”, makes a historical and documentary retrospective of the political and institutional situation in Brazil and French Guiana on the decision part of that people took to leave the Guiana; the third, “Territorialization of the Kali'na in Oiapoque Brazil”, presents the elements of territorialization, the use and reproduction of land, the spatial organization based on culture and the school as a mediator of flows; the fourth, “The Kali’na view of the territory: social cartography in perspective”, using the methodology of social cartography to show how the Kali’na see themselves in the territory.