Teses em Zoologia (Doutorado) - PPGZOOL/ICB

URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/3419

O Doutorado Acadêmico foi criado em 1999 e pertence ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia (PPGZOOL) do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) foi consolidado como um convênio entre Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) e Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG).

Navegar

Agora exibindo 1 - 20 de 68

Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Revisão taxonômica e filogenômica de Saimiri Voigt, 1831 (Primates, Cebidae)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-07) MERCÊS, Michelle Pinto; LYNCH, Jessica Ward; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4735211013363847; SILVA JÚNIOR, José de Sousa e; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4998536658557008
Squirrel monkeys (genus Saimiri Voigt, 1831) are small Neotropical primates (650-1200g). They are widely distributed in the Amazon Basin and have two taxa that occur in Central America. Although it is a frequentely used group in biomedical research, there is still a great divergence in the number of recognized species, ranging from 2 to 12 taxa. Recently several papers have been published using mitochondrial DNA to understand the origin and diversification of Saimiri, as well as the relationship between species. However, even after these publications, diversity and intra-generic relationship still present divergences, with no cogruence between morphological and genetic data. The present study aimed to propose a phylogenetic hypothesis for Saimiri from the double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq), as well as to review Saimiri, defining the species that make up the genus, as well as its distribution. This thesis is divided into three chapters. In the first, “Phylogenomics of Amazon squirrel monkeys (Saimiri; Primates; Cebidae)”, we use 44 tissue samples and 6 blood samples to obtain ddRADseq molecular phylogeny through Maximum Likelihood analysis and a time-calibrated tree from BEAST. We verified the relationship between the studied populations with the Bayesian cluster analysis of STRUCTURE. Our results recovered the monophyly between the Gothic and Roman groups, our trees recovered ten lineages within Saimiri of the Amazon Basin. In addition, we confirm that intra-generic diversification is recent and has occurred in the Pleistocene epoch. In the second chapter, “How many squirrel monkey (Saimiri Voigt, 1831) species are there? A morphological diagnosis and refined mapping of geographical distribution”, we analyzed 887 specimens of all currently recognized species and 18 types, representing almost the entire geographic distribution of the group, we also included the phylogenomic data obtained in the first chapter. Our results support the existence of two morphological groups (Gothic and Roman) and the recognition of thirteen species with one new species. For each of them are presented synonymy, type material, type locality, diagnosis, variation, comparison with other species, distribution, remarks, conservation status and specimens examined. In the third chapter, “New records of Saimiri collinsi Osgood, 1916 (Cebidae, Primates), with comments on habitat use and conservation”, we indicate the expansion of geographic distribution of the Collins’ squirrel monkey (Saimiri collinsi), to a transition area between Amazon and Cerrado. We also indicated the need for monitoring of these populations due to the intense anthropic action in the region that reduced the habitat of the species in most of Maranhão and northern Tocantins.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Conservação de tartarugas marinhas na costa maranhense, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-03) RIBEIRO, Luis Eduardo de Sousa; BARRETO, Larissa Nascimento; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1295307492454506; HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0002-3396-4821; PEZZUTI, Juarez Carlos Brito; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3852277891994862; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5409-8336
Sea turtles have a long history of human exploitation around the world, which has contributed to the species population decline, along with other threats, mainly by accidental capture during fishing, habitat destruction, and pollution. Currently, interaction with fishing is the largest cause of mortality among sea turtles, followed by ingestion of inorganic material (garbage). The waste accumulation in the oceans, mainly plastic, has attracted considerable attention in recent decades since pollution is a major threat to marine life. In this study, we mapped the occurrence and nesting areas of each sea turtles in the coastal zone of Maranhão; analyzed the frequency of strandings all over the years; and evaluated the impacts on sea turtle populations in the Lençóis Maranhenses National Park, as well as diet composition and ingestion of solid waste. This research includes records of strandings of live or dead animals between 2005 and 2020, coming from the database of the Projeto QUEAMAR – Quelônios Aquáticos do Maranhão - UFMA - Federal University of Maranhão, and bi-monthly campaigns to Lençóis Maranhenses National Park. We observed five species of sea turtles along the entire Coast of Maranhão and reproductive records for two of them. From the impacts observed, anthropic interaction was the most observed factor (n=35), with drowning and amputation being the principal consequences of intermeshing (n=12). Intestinal obstruction caused by ingestion of inorganic material was also frequently observed (n=13). During this research, two Marine Seismic Surveys 3D were conducted to prospect for oil and gas, which coincided with a significant increase in the frequency of strandings in Lençóis Maranhenses National Park, possibly caused by noise pollution through noise swells generated by air cannons. Although the Maranhão coast is covered by legally protected areas, such as the Lençóis Maranhenses National Park and the Cururupu Extractive Reserve, long-term studies with species of international migratory cycle, such as sea turtles, which occupy an important position in the conservation scenario, allows detecting trends and temporal changes, as well as evaluating the impacts of anthropogenic activities in coastal areas.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Influência dos fatores ambientais sobre a estrutura de comunidade de peixes em diferentes ambientes aquáticos na Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-04) SILVA, Ronaldo Souza da; ORTEGA, Jean Carlo Gonçalves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7951329810755189; HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0001-5097-9382; MONTAG, Luciano Fogaça de Assis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4936237097107099; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9370-6747
Species diversity varies over time and space as a reflection of resource availability, suitable conditions, and biotic interactions that can locally exclude species from the regional pool. Understanding the causes of species variations remains challenging for ecologists. Still, it is already known that both biotic (interactions) and local environmental conditions (abiotic variables) are important factors in determining fish richness and abundance. Environmental conditions act differently in various aquatic ecosystems, structuring fish assemblages differently. In this context, the central objective of this thesis was to evaluate how local and regional environmental factors influence fish assemblage structure in different aquatic ecosystems in the southwest Amazon. Firstly, we assessed how the environment affects fish assemblages in river beaches. Next, we evaluated how local and regional environments influence the fish assemblage structure associated with aquatic macrophyte banks in lake environments. Finally, we examined how stream fish assemblage structure responds answered to local and regional environmental factors. In beach habitats, we found that temperature, dissolved oxygen, and depth were important in determining variation in fish species composition, while the temperature was the only variable influencing species richness. For fish in macrophyte banks habitats, the results indicated that both local and regional environmental variables (space and hydrological period) influenced fish assemblage structure. The variables depth of macrophyte bank, bank size, and space were significant for species richness. For species composition, environmental factors such as macrophyte composition, bank size, macrophyte richness, and regional variables such as space and hydrological period were influential, with the hydrological period being the strongest predictor of this variation, showing that flood pulses are a strong determinant in the structure of fish assemblages associated with macrophyte banks in Amazonian floodplains. Finally, we evaluated the influence of local, regional (landscape), and spatial factors on fish assemblage structure in upland streams in western Amazonia. The percentage of forest and spatial component (identity of Conservation Units) influenced species richness. Meanwhile, physical habitat and spatial variables influenced species composition, indicating that the fish assemblage in Amazonian streams answered to intact environments and habitat characteristics capable of supporting the persistence of these assemblages within and between watersheds.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Impacto dos fatores antropogênicos e ambientais na dinâmica do microbioma e nas interações hospedeiro-patógeno em anfíbios
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2025-04) MOSER, Camila Fernanda; BECKER, Guilherme; PELOSO, Pedro Luiz Vieira Del; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0963420424755544; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0127-8293
Amphibians are among the most threatened vertebrates, with 41% of species at risk of extinction due to habitat loss, climate change, invasive species, and emerging diseases. A key factor influencing their health is the skin microbiota, a community of symbiotic microorganisms that contribute to immunity and disease resistance. However, this microbiome is highly sensitive to environmental disturbances, which can alter its composition and reduce its protective functions. One of the major threats to amphibians is chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a pathogen that disrupts skin integrity and weakens host defenses, leading to high mortality rates. This infection interacts with environmental stressors, including pollution and habitat degradation, increasing amphibian vulnerability. This thesis explores the composition and ecological drivers of amphibian skin microbiota, its interactions with Bd, and the effects of environmental disturbances. The results show that microbiome diversity varies across species, seasons, and environmental conditions. A case study on Bd dynamics across different species and environmental conditions demonstrated that infection prevalence and load were lower in warmer temperatures and in species with non-aquatic habits, suggesting that abiotic factors and host ecology significantly influence Bd susceptibility. Furthermore, seasonal variations in microbiota composition were observed, with microbial diversity generally decreasing in colder months. These seasonal shifts could be linked to changes in amphibian behavior and immune function, highlighting the need for long-term monitoring of microbiota-host-pathogen interactions. In conclusion, this thesis provides novel insights into the complex interactions between amphibian microbiota, environmental changes, and disease dynamics. Understanding how anthropogenic disturbances and seasonal variations shape microbiome diversity is essential for developing effective conservation strategies. Future research should focus on longterm monitoring of amphibian microbiomes, explore the role of larval-stage microbiota in pathogen resistance, and investigate microbiome-based interventions to support amphibian populations facing increasing environmental threats.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Sistemática molecular e diversificação dos gêneros Nonnula e Monasa (Aves: Bucconidae)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-10) SOARES, Leonardo Moura dos Santos; SANTOS, Marcos Pérsio Dantas; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7941154223198901; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8819-867X
Neotropical forests comprise one of the wealthiest biogeographical regions regarding biodiversity. The origin of Neotropical diversity and its spatial distribution has been approached from a biogeographic perspective, assuming that this high diversity was the result of historical factors associated with the landscape change in this region. There were proposed several biogeographic hypotheses based mainly on vicarious events in an attempt to explain the geographical patterns in which biological diversity is organized in the Neotropical region. Among them, we highlight: the soaring of the Andes, Pleistocene's forest refuges, rivers such as barriers and Miocene's marine incursions. Within this context, it was used two genera of the Bucconidae Family: Monasa and Nonnula to try to interpret these Neotropical patterns of diversification. This thesis aimed to reconstruct the phylogeographic relationships between the taxon that compose the Nonnula and Monasa genus, from nuclear and mitochondrial molecular markers; to date the cladogenetic events to infer which historical processes were responsible for the diversification and to try to estimate the effect of each one of these processes between the different taxon that experienced them. There were sequenced 100 samples distributed in 6 species of the Nonnulo genus and 166 samples for the 4 recognized species for the Monasa genus. Our data indicate incongruence between the current taxonomic treatment and the evolutionary history of Nonnula. Our analysis recovered 19 reciprocal monophyletic lines within Nonnula, revealing the existence of at least six biological species in the N. rubecula complex. Also, our analysis recovered 10 reciprocal monophyletic lines in N. ruficapilla that presented paraphyletic with N. amaurocephala. The distributions of these lines generally coincide with known endemism neotropical areas (EA). In the Monasa genus, there were delimited 12 lines well supported statistically, and that the traditional taxonomy does not represent the diversity of lineages of this group. All species showed phylogeographic structuring, exceptionally Monasa atra. There were determined two strains in M. flavirostris, two strains in M. nigrifrons and seven strains in M. morphoeus. The main Amazonian rivers delimit these lineages. M. flavirostris was the first lineage to be diversified, followed by M. morphoeus which is the brother taxon of M. atra and M. nigrifrons. The phylogenetic diversity of these two genera is underestimated by the current taxonomy, providing an example of how widespread enigmatic endemism can be a good example for studying phylogeographic patterns in the Neotropical region, especially in Amazon.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Revisão taxonômica e análise filogenética do gênero Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 com uso de caracteres morfológicos e moleculares (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-05-27) SANTOS JUNIOR, José Nazareno dos; SILVEIRA, Orlando Tobias; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9654506257169791; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5899-199X
Polistinae is one of the most diverse subfamilies of Vespidae with about 950 species, 25 genera and four tribes. Their representatives are recognized for presenting simple tarsal claws and lacking parategula. Ducke (1905) described two new genera for Polistinae: Protopolybia and Pseudochartergus. Bequaert (1938) reviewed Pseudochartergus recognizing only two species. Bequaert (1944a) made the first revision of Protopolybia, in which he described four new species, and considered P. minutissima and P. sedula as forms of a single species and assigned P. bella as type species of the genus. Richards (1978) performed the second revision of Protopolybia recognizing 23 species and two subspecies. Carpenter and Wenzel (1989), considering inconsistent the diagnostic characters separating Pseudochartergus and Protopolybia, proposed their synonymy, based on the synapomorphic medial posterior process on the metanotum. Carpenter (2011) proposed the synonymy of four species of the genus. Santos-Junior et al. (2015) reviewed the Protopolybia exigua species-group and using morphological characters proposed the first phylogeny for Protopolybia sensu Carpenter & Wenzel (1989). However, there is still a reasonable number of species whose identification is inaccurate. Thus, this project aims to extend the knowledge of the taxonomy and of phylogenetic relationships of the species of Protopolybia using morphological characters complemented with molecular data. For molecular analysis, fragments were isolated of the nuclear and mitochondrial genome - cytochrome subunit I (COI), 28s, 12s and 16s. Such an effort resulted on additional notes for the Protopolybia exigua species-group, with description of a new species. For the P. sedula species-group, all species are redescribed, a new identification key is presented and the genitalia of P. weyrauchi and P. sedula are described. In the P. picteti-emortualis species-group, two new species are described. In the group of species of P. chartergoides, it is proposed the synonymization of a subspecies, and the four valid species are redescribed, as well as the male genitalia of P. chartergoides, P. fuscatus and P. pallidibalteatus. As for the phylogeny of Protopolybia, the monophyly hypothesis of the group of P. chartergoides species is corroborated. Its relative position within Protopolybia is resolved, indicating a closer relationship with the group of P. sedula. On the other hand, in the present analysis the P. exigua group is paraphyletic.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Filogenia do gênero Mischocyttarus de Saussurre, baseado em caracteres morfológicos e moleculares, e revisão taxonômica do subgênero Megacanthopus Ducke (Hymnoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-03) FELIZARDO, Sherlem Patrícia de Seixas; SILVEIRA, Orlando Tobias; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9654506257169791; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5899-199X
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Influência de diferentes práticas de uso da terra sobre a fauna de riachos amazônicos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-02-27) SOUSA, Híngara Leão; MONTAG, Luciano Fogaça de Assis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4936237097107099
Disturbances caused by land use practices lead to several negative effects on stream biodiversity. This dissertation was developed to contribute with information about the land use effects on Amazonian stream biodiversity. The dissertation was subdivided in three chapters. First, it was performed a review of articles that evaluated the land use effects on stream fauna in the Amazon in the last 25 years to show the scenario of scientific research for these ecosystems in the region. In the Chapter 2 the aim was to assess the effects of three land use practices (managed and convenctional logging, and pasture) on stream fish, considering the impacts on the community structure and niche characteristics of species. In the Chapter 3 the aim was to evaluate the ecological uniqueness of fish assemblages in these areas, in order to identify the land uses and species that more contribute to beta diversity in the region. As general results of the first Chapter, 42 articles evaluating the land use effects on stream fauna communities in the Amazon were found in the literature, mainly in areas of timber extraction. Recently, there has been an increase in studies, and only the last four years accounted for 74% of articles. However, we identified a lack of information about the land use history in the studied areas, a lack of studies using only the crustacean as a bioindicator taxon and a few multi-taxon studies. Chapter 2 showed that conventional logging and pasture had negative impacts on fish communities, and no effect was observed in managed logging areas. Additionally, pasture was mainly responsible for the separation of niche species, supporting species with higher marginality and smaller niche breadth. Finally, in the Chapter 3 was found higher contribution of pasture area to beta diversity, mainly due to the great variation in the disturbance levels associated to this land use practice. Besides that, both habitat specialist and generalists contributed to beta diversity in the area. In conclusion, the results of this dissertation have shown that different kinds of land use may result in particular effects on stream communities. Our findings also suggest that different approaches using information on stream biodiversity are useful in environmental impact assessment in these ecosystems.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Revisão taxonômica e análise cladística do gênero Novamundoniscus Schultz, 1995 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-07-02) CARVALHO, Jonathas Teixeira Lisboa; ARAÚJO, Paula Beatriz de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6693864880223173; BONALDO, Alexandre Bragio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8721994758453503
Oniscidea was erected by Latreille in 1802. From Schmalfuss (1989), monophytic Oniscidea was accepted, based on derivated characters common to all Oniscidea. Dubioniscidae was erected by Schultz to include the genera Dubioniscus Vandel, 1963, Calycuoniscus Collinge, 1915 and Phalloniscus Budde-Lund, 1908 and the genus Novamundoniscus Schultz, 1995, erected to allocate the american species of Phalloniscus. This study aimed to make the taxonomic review of Novamundoniscus and to produce phylogenetic hipotesis of monophyletic relations of the species that compound this genus, based on morphology, to elaborate a phylogenetic relationship hipotesis among the genera that compounds Dubioniscidae, redescribe known species and describe new ones. This work is presented in a single chapter, divided into two parts, taxonomy and phylogeny of Novamundoniscus. 18 species of Dubioniscus, Novamundoniscus e Phalloniscus were analysed and a data matrix with 73 characters was generated. The final tree revealed Dubioniscidae as monophiletic, but, the validity of the genus Novamundoniscus could not be confirmed. The results of the phylogenetic analyses presented herein are considered provisory and, the taxonomic implications of the topology discussed were not adopted in the taxonomic revision of Novamundoniscus. However, the optimizations of the characters in this topology furnishes important conclusions for the understanding of the evolutive history of the taxa analysed and the characters matrix offers a solid basis for the continuation of this line of research.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
As aves do estado do Maranhão: atualização do conhecimento e conservação em uma região de ecótono entre a floresta Amazônica e Cerrado
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-09-12) CARVALHO, Dorinny Lisboa de; SILVA, Daniel de Paiva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1409353191899248; SANTOS, Marcos Pérsio Dantas; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7941154223198901
The state of Maranhão is located between the eastern Amazon and the northern Cerrado, presenting a wide variety of environments in its ecotonal area. Due to this environmental heterogeneity, Maranhão has one of the richest avifaunas in Brazil. Furthermore, this region includes one of the world's most endangered biogeographical provinces. In order to contribute to the knowledge and conservation of avifauna in this region, this study has as its main objectives: 1) review and update the checklist of birds species from Maranhão to identify possiblesampling gaps in the state; 2) test the effectiveness of the State Protected Areas (PAs) and Indigenous Lands (TIs) system in the protection of threatened and endemic bird species using SDMs and; 3) assess the potential impact of climate change on the distribution and conservation of 24 threatened bird taxa occurring in the state, comparing current and future distributions (2070) with the current reserve system, in order to identify potentially stable areas that can serve as dispersal corridors for the evaluated taxa. In chapter 1) we recorded the occurrence of 750 bird species, distributed into 88 families and 30 orders. We added 114 new species (95 residents, 13 migratory and 6 vagrants) to the last list compiled 27 years ago for the same region. In chapter 2) we observed that taxa with wider distributions are protected equally as taxa with smaller distributions and larger PAs are more efficient than smaller. Our results also showed that most Cerrado PAs are poorly allocated. We suggest six priority areas for conservation of Neotropical birds and highlight the importance of indigenous lands in conserving Neotropical biodiversity. In chapter 3) our results indicated that, although threatened Amazon and Cerrado taxa are potentially protected, for both present and future scenarios, most of the taxa are likely to suffer drastic population size declines or even global extinction in the near future. We highlight the importance of creating a system of dispersal corridors that interconnect PAs in this region, as well as the implementation of public policies for maintenance and mitigation of the areas adjacent to these corridors, aiming at the conservation of the richness and diversity of species in this region.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Padrões de distribuição de espécies de percevejos semi-aquáticos (Hemiptera: Gerromorpha): utilizando fatores ambientais e espaciais para determinar a estrutura das comunidades em riachos amazônicos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-08-02) CUNHA, Erlane José Rodrigues da; JUEN, Leandro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1369357248133029
Amazonian lotic ecosystems are among the environments that have received most attention in studies on species distribution. This is related to the presence of high environmental complexity and spatial variation in these ecosystems, thus it is necessary to elucidate how such conditions affect the species distribution in response to habitat specificity and dispersion under different scales. Thus, in this thesis we aim to evaluate how environmental and spatial factors structure semi-aquatic bug (Hemiptera: Gerromorpha) communities in Amazonian streams. To achieve this goal, the thesis was divided into three chapters. First, we evaluated factors that structure metacommunities, considering environmental factors, linear and fluvial spatial structure within a drainage basin. We observed that the effect of the environment had greater effect on metacommunity structure and only factors related to river dispersion were important for these response. Thus, at basin scale, the metacommunity structure was affected mainly by species sorting and mass effects was associated to dispersion in smaller scales within basin network. In second chapter, we analyzed the patterns of metacommunities of semiaquatic bugs among different biogeographic areas of the Amazon region, we found that the limitation of community variation across space was decisive in structuring the diversity of assemblies. These results showed that high turnover occurs within the ecoregions evaluated due to environmental heterogeneity. In addition, beta diversity between different biogeographic areas in Amazon region evidenced general patterns of decay of similarity due to environmental and spatial distances. In the third chapter, we deconstructed the assemblages between wingless and winged individuals to evaluate the alteration of the environment in areas with anthropic alteration. We find that the composition of winged species assemblages differs from the total community composition, however, assemblages of winged and winged species showed responses associated with the loss of diversity caused by anthropic activity. However, the environmental variables that structure these assemblies were different, indicating that a trade-off occurs between reproduction (wingless) and dispersion (winged) to reach the fitness of these populations. In general, we highlight that characteristics of the aquatic habitat on a local scale, and the fluvial connectivity between habitats are the main determinants in structuring the communities of these organisms at a basin scale. Considering biogeographic scales, the limitation of the dispersion through space was the main factor in the structure of the communities, however, the beta diversity between regions also showed to be dependent on local factors. We consider that the specificity of these organisms to live on the surface of the water, besides showing strong relation with this habitat, also shows that the locomotion on the water surface is the main dispersion mechanism of these organisms in the basin network. In addition, the processes that have determined communities' patterns of diversity act on local scales up to biogeographic scales. However, we highlight that advances in the impacts of anthropic activities in the Amazon can also interfere in these processes and act on the distribution of species among the lotic ecosystems of the region.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Abelhas das orquídeas (Apidae: Euglossini) e as plantações de palma de óleo (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) na Amazônia Oriental: mudanças na composição de espécies, tamanho corporal e diversidade funcional
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-08-02) BRITO, Thaline de Freitas; MAUÉS, Márcia Motta; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0976385386657517; CONTRERA, Felipe Andrés León; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0888006271965925
In this study, we evaluated the role of legal reserves (LR) and areas of permanent protection (APP) in the maintenance of orchid bee species, and we tested the influence of abiotic and habitat parameters on taxonomic and functional diversity of this group. In addition, we investigated the occurrence of phenotypic variations (body and wing size, and fluctuating asymmetry) in response to environmental stress caused by oil palm plantations. Orchid bee males were sampled in nine areas (3 RL, 3 APP, and 3 oil palm plantations) in the municipality of Tailândia, southeast of the state of Pará. In each area, we installed six separate sampling stations, 500 m apart, each one with six scent traps; totaling 36 traps per area, and 108 per habitat type. We compared differences in observed abundance and richness using a One-Way ANOVA, we evaluated species composition patterns with a PCoA, and we also used a species indicator analysis. A partial RDA was applied to evaluate the influence of habitat attributes, space and habitat type on taxonomic and functional parameters of bees. In addition, we compared body and wing size variations of the individuals through the types of habitat. Our results indicate that oil palm areas are characterized by the presence of few individuals and species, low functional diversity, and by larger bees. Despite this, we recorded four species associated to LR, which can be useful indicators of orchid bee’s communities in the Amazon rainforest. The habitat structure was not a good predictor of both functional and taxonomic composition, and no levels of fluctuating asymmetry were detected, but bees from oil palm showed larger wings compared to forest areas. Our research highlights that APPs play an important role in maintaining both taxonomic and functional composition of orchid bees, which could reinforce the fact that bees use these areas as displacement corridors in a matrix formed by oil palm plantation. Thus, both LRs and PPAs areas fulfill their purpose of protecting the biodiversity of orchid bees.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Revisão taxonômica do gênero Actinopus perty, 1833, com a descrição de quatro espécies novas de Missullena walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Actinopodidae)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-03-06) MIGLIO, Laura Tavares; Pérez-Miles, Fernando; BONALDO, Alexandre Bragio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8721994758453503
Actinopus Perty, 1833 is characterized and redescribed, harboring sixty-three species occurring from Panama to Argentina. Seventeen previously known species are redescribed: A. tarsalis Perty, 1833; A. rufipes (Lucas, 1834); A. longipalpis C. L. Koch, 1842; A. nattereri (Doleschall, 1871); A. insignis (Holmberg, 1881); A. crassipes (Keyserling, 1891); A. robustus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1892); A. wallacei F. O. P.- Cambridge, 1896; A. princeps Chamberlin, 1917, A. xenus Chamberlin, 1917; A. fractus Mello-Leitão, 1920; A. paranensis Mello-Leitão, 1920; A. pusillus Mello-Leitão, 1920; A. dubiomaculatus Mello-Leitão, 1923; A. trinotatus Mello-Leitão, 1938; A. cucutaensis Mello-Leitão, 1941; and A. echinus Mello-Leitão, 1949. Forty-four new species are described: Actinopus castelo n. sp., A. apalai n. sp., A. mairinquensis n. sp., A. obidos n. sp., A. buritiensis n. sp., A. pinhao n. sp., A. ducke n. sp., A. hirsutus n. sp., A. jaboticatubas n. sp., A. confusus n. sp., A. pampulha n. sp., A. candango n. sp., A. paraitinga n. sp., A. cornelli n. sp., A. vilhena n. sp., A. harveyi n. sp., A. itapitocai n. sp., A. ipioca n. sp., A. itaqui n. sp., A. xingu n. sp., A. mesa n. sp., A. caxiuana n. sp., A. utinga n. sp., A. emas n. sp., A. bocaina n. sp., A. guajara n. sp., A. apiacas n. sp., A. jamari n. sp. from Brazil; A. laventana n. sp. and A. calamuchita n. sp. from Argentina and Uruguay; A. lomalinda n. sp. from British Guiana and Colombia; A. concinnus n. sp. from Venezuela and Brazil; A. palmar n. sp. and A. loscocos n. sp. from Argentina; A. panguana n. sp. from Peru. The females of A. dubiomaculatus and A. cucutaensis and the unknown males of A. nattereri are described for the first time. New records are presented for A. crassipes; A. dubiomaculatus; A. fractus; A. nattereri; A. paranensis; A. princeps, A. pusillus, A. robustus and A. wallacei. Most of the species presently recognized were included in eleven informal groups based mainly in male palpal characters. A key for these groups plus three species, not included in any group, but known from males, is presented.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Influência da exploração madeireira na estrutura do hábitat e diversidade das assembleias de peixes de riachos na amazônia oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-02-17) PRUDENTE, Bruno da Silveira; MONTAG, Luciano Fogaça de Assis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4936237097107099
Logging is one of the main activities responsible for the deforestation in the Amazon and is considered an important threat to biodiversity in this region. However, the international market demand for sustainable forest products has resulted in a partial substitution of the conventional exploration method (CE) with the reduced impact exploration (EIR) technique, also considered an important strategy to minimize damages to the Amazon forest and its biodiversity. However, little is known about the effect of these activities on the structure and functioning of riparian ecosystems and their biological communities. In this sense, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different methods of logging on the structure of the physical habitat of streams and taxonomic and functional diversity of the fish assemblages of these environments, as well as the elaboration of multimetric indices that allow a rapid and robust evaluation of the ecological integrity of these environments. A total of 47 streams were sampled in the Rio Capim basin, 13 of which were in unexplored areas, 11 in EC areas and 23 in RIL areas. The habitat structure was characterized based on 19 environmental variables, later compared between the different exploration methods. The fish assemblages were sampled using hand net, with a standardized effort, and evaluated as to the composition and different components of the functional diversity. Both methods of logging resulted in changes in the structure of the physical habitat of the streams, however only in areas of CD these changes influenced the taxonomic composition of fish species. In RIL areas only variations in the relative abundance of fish species were observed in relation to the temporal exploitation gradient. Despite the above results, the presence of logging, be it EC or EIR did not affect components of the functional diversity of fish assemblages. However, changes in the habitat of rachis associated with the presence of logging had been directly related to the functional attributes commonly associated with generalist strategies of the species, which are common associated with altered environments. According to the multimetric indexes, streams in RIL areas presented better habitat integrity when compared to streams in CD areas, but still lower than habitat integrity in unexplored streams. On average, EIR areas also presented intermediate values of biotic integrity, however, this differed only in areas of CD. In the studied region, RIL showed to be an interesting strategy to minimize alterations in riach ecosystems resulting from logging. However, the present study was conducted only on a local spatial scale, and considering areas that went through a single exploration cycle. However, changes in physical habitat show that EIR also influence the structure and consequently the ecological integrity of these environments, reinforcing the need for a greater number of studies to understand the real effect of this activity in these environments.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação dos efeitos da plantação de palmas (Elaeis guineensis) na conservação de anuros na Amazônia oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-06-30) CORREA, Fabricio Simões; JUEN, Leandro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1369357248133029; COSTA, Maria Cristina dos Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1580962389416378
In this thesis, we analyzed the effects of oil palm cultivation (Elaeis guineensis) on taxonomic and functional diversity of anurans in the eastern Amazon. In addition, we analyzed the response of anurans to environmental variation in oil palm plantations and surrounding forests. We surveyed for the presence of anurans in April 2012, 2015 and 2016, in 2100 m² plots through visual and acoustic searches. In April 2016, we also measured microclimatic (air temperature and humidity) and habitat structural variables (water body width and depth, leaf litter depth, canopy openness and number of trees) in both habitat types. We found higher functional diversity and species richness in forests, with difference in species composition and functional characters distribution between forests and oil palm plantations. Water body depth and width positively affected species richness and number of individuals, while water body depth and diurnal temperature influenced species composition in oil palm plantations. Only number of individuals was positively affected by diurnal temperature and nocturnal humidity in forests, while species composition and richness were not affected by any environmental variable in this habitat type. Our results make clear that conversion of forests to oil palm plantations negatively affects anurans taxonomic and functional diversity, making urgent the maintenance of forests surrounding the plantations as a way to reduce the negative impacts.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos ecológicos e evolutivos nos padrões de diversidade de aves na Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-09-20) ALMEIDA, Sara Miranda; SANTOS, Marcos Pérsio Dantas; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7941154223198901
Studies covering phylogenetic and functional diversity have been increasingly used to explain patterns of species diversity and organization of biological assemblages, constituting complementary tools to the traditional taxonomic approach (e.g. species richness). Biogeographical knowledge may also contribute to the understanding of these patterns, since the geographical distribution of different taxa depends on historical processes related to dispersion and speciation, in this manner influencing the formation of regional pools of species. In this thesis we evaluated the influence of historical processes and environmental factors on the diversity of Amazon bird assemblages. We compiled compositional data from 80 bird assemblages, 12 in savannas and 68 in terra firme forests, totaling 878 species. In Chapter 1 we evaluated the phylogenetic and functional diversity of passerine birds (Passeriformes order) considering two factors: the biogeographical history of each suborder (Passeri and Tyranni) and the habitat type (forest and savanna). We verified the importance of the different habitats for the maintenance of bird diversity since, although Amazonian savannas present low species richness when compared to forests, this habitat presents assemblages with unique combinations of ecological traits and specific lineages. We showed through the results found in this chapter that the greater functional diversity of Passeri assemblages in both habitats and the greater phylogenetic diversity of Tyranni in terra firme forests are related to the biogeographic history of each suborder and their adaptation to the habitat. In Chapter 2, we assessed the contribution of Amazonian biogeographic regions (a.k.a., endemism areas) and climatic variables to species composition and to the phylogenetic structure of canopy and forest understory bird assemblages. We hypothesized that differences in species composition are greater between interfluves for understory bird assemblages, which are composed of species with lower dispersion capacity, than for canopy birds. In this chapter, we found that the understory bird assemblages were more influenced by biogeographic barriers than canopy birds, corroborating our hypothesis. The climatic variables were important to explain the species diversity and phylogenetic structure of both groups. With the results generated in this thesis I concluded that the Amazonian bird diversity is result of processes related to biogeographic history, ecological traits of species, and environmental conditions.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Padrões de diversidade e suas implicações para a conservação de Odonata (Insecta) em igarapés amazônicos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-08-03) BRASIL, Leandro Schllemmer; JUEN, Leandro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1369357248133029
The distribution of species within a landscape and the mechanisms that determine this distribution are fundamental questions for the understanding of the ecology of biological communities. The understanding of these phenomena is essential for the management of ecosystems and decision-making on the conservation of biodiversity, environmental conditions, and ecosystem resources. In this dissertation, we focused on the communities of the damselflies, suborder Zygoptera (Insecta: Odonata), found in streams in the Brazilian Amazon region to investigate their alpha diversity (Chapter 1), beta diversity (Chapter 2), and the elements that structure metacommunities (Chapters 3), as well as the spatial priorities for the conservation of Amazonian odonates (Chapter 4). We used environmental, biogeographic, and spatial predictors to investigate the mechanisms that structure the distribution of the communities analyzed in this dissertation. In the case of alpha diversity (Chapter 1), environmental heterogeneity (climate) and primary productivity were the most important determinants of zygopteran species richness. For beta diversity (Chapter 2), turnover was the most important component of changes in species composition within the landscape, together with the spatial distance between sites, and the biogeographic region (centers of endemism), which were the most important predictors of zygopteran beta diversity. In our analysis of metacommunity patterns (Chapter 3), we found a Clementsian pattern in well-preserved streams, with a major change in the configuration of the communities in streams with environmental alterations, which represented subsets of the better preserved areas. In Chapter 4, we show that the spatial distribution of the conservation units in the Amazon region is relatively ineffective for the conservation of most of the beta diversity of the region’s odonates. As the priority areas are located predominantly in southern Amazonia, and most of these areas have already been deforested, given that they lie within the arc of deforestation, the priority areas were displaced toward the forested environments located nearer the center of the Amazon region. Based on this analysis, we suggest the creation of new conservation units or the implementation of incentives for the establishment of activities that cause reduced environmental impacts in more central, priority areas, which are still forested, as well as 4 the restoration of priority areas that have already been deforested. One possibility here would be the implementation of programs that pay for ecosystem services, such as carbon credits obtained through reforestation and/or the development of activities with a reduced impact on biodiversity, such as agroforestry. This study also makes a major contribution to the reduction of the Wallacean and Hutchisonian shortfalls on the zygopterans of the Brazilian Amazon region.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação dos efeitos de monocultura de palma de dendê na estrutura do habitat e na diversidade de peixes de riachos amazônicos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-03-30) RUFFEIL, Tiago Octavio Begot; MONTAG, Luciano Fogaça de Assis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4936237097107099
In the Amazon, oil palm plantation has been growing exponentially in recent years, altering the landscape natural characteristics and being a possible threat to biodiversity. This environmental impact extends to aquatic ecosystems, which because they are highly related to the adjacent vegetation, also suffer the impacts resulting from this agricultural action, such as habitat structure alterations, affecting the species distribution and ecosystem processes. Thus, studies to test the impact of this monoculture in the Amazon are important to support more efficient strategies for reducing impacts and maintaining biodiversity. Therefore, this thesis aims to answer the following questions: I) How the presence of oil palm cultivation around the streams affect their habitat structure and fish assemblage structure in relation to streams that drain through forested areas present along of this anthropogenic landscape? II) What are the effects of the substitution on landscape of primary forest on the oil palm in the habitat physical structure and on the taxonomic diversity of neotropical stream fish? III) How do the patterns of taxonomic and functional diversity of Amazon stream fish assemblages responds to the habitat and landscape changes caused by oil palm plantation? To answer these questions, we sampled and analyzed 39 streams in the Eastern Amazon. For the habitat characterization, an extensive protocol of the evaluation was applied, resulting in 238 habitat variables, besides that, was used landscape characteristics based on the percentage of land uses adjacent to the streams. For fish collection was used hand net for six hours in each stream. Morphological measures and ecological information of fish species were taken for later calculation of the functional attributes related to the third chapter. The results showed that oil palm plantation affect the stream habitat structure, modifying mainly the channel morphology, the substrate structure and shelter availability, such as woods and roots, for fish assemblage. Consequently, the fish species distribution was affected, resulting in changes in the assemblage structure. On the other hand, no changes were registered in the functional structure of these assemblies. Finally, we showed that the oil palm plantation modifies the stream habitat natural characteristics, as well as the distribution of the species, however the functional structure of the fish assemblages is maintained.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Filogenia, biogeografia e história evolutiva dos macacos-prego, gênero Sapajus Kerr, 1792 (Primates: Cebidae)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-07-31) LIMA, Marcela Guimarães Moreira; ALEIXO, Alexandre Luis Padovan; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3661799396744570; SILVA JÚNIOR, José de Sousa e; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4998536658557008
In a recent study, using ecological, morphological and molecular data, Cebus and Sapajus were recognized as two distinct genera. Although Sapajus is one of the most studied genera of Neotropical primates, it has one of the most confusing taxonomic histories among Neotropical mammals. Until recently, there was little information in the literature about the origin and diversification of the species assigned to the genus Sapajus. Despite recently published studies on the subject, there is still no robust hypothesis about the origin and evolution of this group. In this study, our first aim was to examine capuchin monkey diversification using the most taxonomically and geographically complete molecular dataset to date for the group. We reconstruct a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny for capuchins under Bayesian inference from three mitochondrial genes (D-loop, Cytb e COI). Our results support vicariance between ancestral populations in the Andes and Amazon (ancestral Cebus) versus the Atlantic Forest (ancestral Sapajus), and a Pleistocene “Amazon invasion” by Sapajus that explains the present day sympatry of Cebus and Sapajus. Our second aim was to assemble the first phylogenomic data set for robust capuchin monkeys using ultra-conserved elements (UCEs) and construct a complete phylogeny for the genus. We extracted SNPs from the UCE data set, and we created phylogenies using Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood methods. Our analyses provide strong support for Cebus and Sapajus as two reciprocally monophyletic clades. Within Sapajus, our SNPs trees recovered six species: S. xanthosternos, S. robustus, S. nigritus, S. flavius, S. libidinosus and S. apella (including S. cay and S. macrocephalus). As morphological and molecular subdivisions of the Amazonian group are discordant, we recommend lumping all Amazonian and southern grassland robust capuchin taxa as S. apella without subspecies.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Sistema social do macaco-de-cheiro (Saimiri collinsi) em cativeiro
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-03-30) MAGALHÃES, Tatyana Pinheiro; LOPES, Maria Aparecida; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3377799793942627
Most primates live in groups. Despite the advantages, this type of social organization can also increase competition for resources intragroup. The priority access to these resources is linked to dominance hierarchy. The hierarchical positions and social relationships influence the quality of life, for example, changing the reproductive and immune systems. This study characterizes the social hierarchy of the squirrel monkeys, Saimiri collinsi in captivity and examines the influence of intrinsic attributes in the hierarchy. Describes the intragroup associations networks and the relations between associations and the hierarchy and reproductive behavior. Furthermore, describes the care with offspring (parental and alloparental care) and addresses the association between mothers and allomothers in and out of care with offspring period. The results showed that dominance structure of S. collinsi is a partial hierarchy and that it is influenced by the age and body size. The association networks are formed based on sex classes and are not made for age, age-classes, or rank. The associations appear to be related to female power resistance to males sex advances. Moreover, allomothers included females with and without offspring and the association between mothers and allomothers was no different inside and outside of care with infants period.